Direct link to Angela Hilario's post Clarification: Sal said i, Posted 4 years ago. Why are first-hand accounts important? In 1955, however, the strongly anti-communist politician Ngo Dinh Diem pushed Emperor Bao aside to become president of the Government of the Republic of Vietnam (GVN), often referred to during that era as South Vietnam. Total was $43.5 billion in FY2015, $44.4 billion with supplemental, $45.2 billion in FY2016, and $50.4 billion in FY2017 less DoD. The effort to create meaningful Future Year Defense Programs seem to have been given a final death blow by the Budget Control Act (BCA)legislation originally designed to be so stupid that the Congress could not possibly accept it. Updates? He died of cancer at 44. Estimated interest costs by 2050: Up to $6.5 trillion. It affected 700,000 American veterans. This section updates part of another CRS studyone by Stephen Daggetthat attempted to cost past American wars from the American Revolution through the Persian Gulf War, and the early phases of the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq. They also assert that the U.S. overall suffered fewer casualties than its opponents. The final charts summarize the FY2018 budget submission data for the OCO accounts in the detail provided by the DoD budget summary. All Rights Reserved. The functional break out of the cost by theaterIraq and Syriahelps provide a clear picture of mission focus and allocation of resources. The data for FY2018 show that the civil effort is being slashed without any explanation or justification of the cutsparticularly in key areas like economic growthwhere poverty is now steadily increasing and both sets of populations face major humanitarian crisesand in governance, where all of the host country governments are ranked as some of the most corrupt and incapable governments in the world and a lack of popular support is a key issue. an estimated 25,000 American servicemen and 757,143 Vietnamese dead. The government most likely knew about these dangers. What does human cost mean? - Definitions.net All recent estimates show that the burden the Afghan and Iraq/Syria wars placed on the economy did not equal the burden that the peacetime Reagan build up created, and that the percentage has dropped sharply since most U.S. combat troops left Afghanistan and Iraq. Even if one uses the higher estimate of military spending used by Todd Harrison, the total is now under 6.0%. For some young people, the war symbolized a form of unchecked authority they had come to resent. peoples' experiences? Copyright: The content on this page may not be republished without our express permission. Meanwhile, the United States, its military demoralized and its civilian electorate deeply divided, began a process of coming to terms with defeat in what had been its longest and most controversial war. By 1966, large areas of South Vietnam had been designated as free-fire zones, from which all innocent civilians were supposed to have evacuated and only enemy remained. Direct link to Davin V Jones's post That is simply how they v, Posted 5 months ago. By Winnie Smith Morrow, 352 pages, $22 Until recently, the critical role played by women in the Vietnam War as Army nurses, dedicated to treating the wounded and dying despite being endangered. from Johns Hopkins and his MA and Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Active duty strength has gotten far more expensive relative to DoD civilian full time employees and U.S. and foreign contractors. Use the notes you completed during the lesson to write a par - Quizlet They all reflect a common pattern of erratic funding and slow reaction to the return of the Taliban. Direct link to Zob Rombie's post The main reason the war e, Posted 4 years ago. Vietnam War, (195475), a protracted conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam and its allies in South Vietnam, known as the Viet Cong, against the government of South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. People were killed during the war. The budget data created a functionally meaningless pool of theater support personnel with little or no explanation, no allocation by war, and that make up 65% of all military personnel assigned to both Afghanistan and Syria/Iraq. Vietnam Facts, History, and Profile - ThoughtCo The defeat in Vietnam, they argued, was a betrayal of the US military by civilian politicians. The physical devastation of the war, coupled with the socialist policies imposed by new regimes, caused years of famine and suffering in south-east Asia. Neither this bombing or the ground war was confined by the borders of Vietnam. What does human cost mean? The U.S. military has estimated that between 200,000 and 250,000 South Vietnamese soldiers died in the war. Reporting that only covers military personnel is outdated and grossly incompetent. This illustrates another critical failure in the preparation and review of both Baseline and War budgets. The Human Cost. More than 3 million people (including over 58,000 Americans) were killed in the Vietnam War, and more than half of the dead were Vietnamese civilians. The total military deaths for all countries have been estimated at 1.3 million, of whom 58,000 were Americans. The total costs for all OCO spending between FY2001 and FY2018 will be in excess of $1,909 billion. Date published: July 3, 2019 My brother eventually died from the effects of his own agent orange exposure. Johnsons new tack, laid out in a March 1968 speech, met with a positive response from Hanoi, and peace talks between the U.S. and North Vietnam opened in Paris that May. Other charts summarize work by Todd Harrison of CSIS showing the extent to which non-OCO expenditures became included in the OCO budget accounts. ^1 1. The Wall - Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund It was 150% of the IISS estimate of $604.5 billion for 2016. This started with their homecoming and reception. The Civil War: Human, Economic and Social Costs - Study.com The size of U.S. military spending is difficult to estimate in comparable terms. Despite the concerns of some of his advisers about this escalation, and about the entire war effort amid a growing anti-war movement, Johnson authorized the immediate dispatch of 100,000 troops at the end of July 1965 and another 100,000 in 1966. Were LBJ and Nixon bad decision makers or was it just too much to handle? Many Americans simply chose not to speak of the Vietnam conflict, described by diplomat George Kennan as the most disastrous undertaking in 200 years of US history. Jack Smith, a psychologist who had served as a Marine in Vietnam, said that everyone blamed everyone else for what had gone wrong: Military men blame policymakers, right-wingers blame the pinkos and the media and protestors, the left blame the right. Many refugees fled Indochina in overcrowded boats, usually converted fishing boats, poorly maintained and unsuited to the open ocean. Why does scarcity mean that people must choose. The Congress, however, can be criticized for failing to insist on adequate reporting of wartime budgets and examining their costs in detail. The conflict was intensified by the ongoing Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. Between July 1966 and December 1973, more than 503,000 U.S. military personnel deserted, and a robust anti-war movement among American forces spawned violent protests, killings and mass incarcerations of personnel stationed in Vietnam as well as within the United States. Both the Executive Branch and the Congress have failed to reform any key aspect of the defense and foreign policy budgets to look beyond input budgeting by line item and by military service, and doing so on an annual basis. 10.5 times the IISS estimate of $58.9 billion for Russia, and 9.0 times the SIPIRI estimate of $69.2 billion. The Special Inspector Generals also have not been tasked with addressing the overall cost of each conflict, the overall effectiveness of U.S. civil and military efforts, or the nature and success of U.S. plans and strategies. One caveat to this, however, was that men who were in college could be excused from the draft. During World War II, Japanese forces invaded Vietnam. or a Hoax: How does the If these alternative estimatesand many othersare taken into account, it is all too clear that the United States now has no official estimate of the cost of its wars. Long term budget projections by the CBO and others invariably assume the end to war with one or two years in the future and no major contingency thereafter. . , arn from other Unit 3 Turmoil (Vietnam) | American History Quiz - Quizizz Taken by surprise, U.S. and South Vietnamese forces nonetheless managed to strike back quickly, and the communists were unable to hold any of the targets for more than a day or two. It was the last major event of the Vietnam War. The U.S. military has estimated that between 200,000 and 250,000 South Vietnamese soldiers died. The U.S. military reported 58,220 American casualties. The report is now divided into 12 sections, each of which illustrates the need for better planning, programming, and budgeting; as well as the need for far more transparency and better official reporting. Wars cost money to fight, and the Civil War was no exception. The Vietnam War (also known by other names) was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 . Based on the current dollar value, the Vietnam War cost the equivalent of about $1 trillion. The economic impact of the war was felt in both nations, especially Vietnam, where years of sustained American bombing and defoliation caused inestimable damage to farmland and infrastructure. Since 1941 Congress has declared war only six times, all during World War II. The discussion of how activities link to a strategy is the one example of such a public budget justification in more than 15 years of official reporting on the wars. introduction in the play Families had to fight to survive Hope this helps :) Post-traumatic stress disorder in veterans The deaths of over a million communist soldiers Advertisement $70.7 billion in FY2018 total budget authority and $44.1 billion in adjusted budget authority. What were the assumptions underlying the US involvement in Southeast Asia? The North Vietnamese continued to insist on complete and unconditional U.S. withdrawalplus the ouster of U.S.-backed General Nguyen Van Thieuas conditions of peace, however, and as a result the peace talks stalled. Work by Todd Harrison, for example, shows that total U.S. defense-related costs totaled some $905 billion in FY2017: At the same time, if one does use the $619.7 billion total for the U.S., it is: U.S. military spending has risen steadily over time, but without any serious net assessment of the patterns in that growth, the comparative efficiency of U.S. spending on baseline and war activity, and how allied and potential threat states use their budgets and resources. Whereas the men of World War II had been welcomed home with crowds, ticker tape and fanfare, Vietnam veterans returning to the US were received with a combination of indifference, embarrassment and contempt. How did the fear of the Soviet Union and Communism affect American culture and society? Thousands of Vietnamese simply vanished, lost in thick jungle or tunnels, obliterated by bombs or incinerated by napalm. See answer Advertisement gavrielle Answer: People could not get shelter, resources they needed to survive. The United States had provided funding, armaments, and training to South Vietnams government and military since Vietnams partition into the communist North and the democratic South in 1954. Nixon sought to deflate the anti-war movement by appealing to a silent majority of Americans who he believed supported the war effort. What were some human costs of the Vietnam War? What can you le By nearly every metric, the Vietnam War was, in the common sense of the word, a war. When the United States technically "lost" the war, did it seem like an utter waste of time and resources? By June, 82,000 combat troops were stationed in Vietnam, and military leaders were calling for 175,000 more by the end of 1965 to shore up the struggling South Vietnamese army. It is particularly unrealistic because this assumption is critical to estimating steady reduction in military spending, sizing the impact of rising entitlement and mandatory budget costs, and the size of the deficit. There have been several legal attempts to seek compensation from the US government and chemical manufacturers. Inscribed on the black granite walls are the names of more than 58,000 men and women who gave their lives or remain missing. Fearful that the war would jeopardize his domestic agenda, Johnson concealed the extent of the military escalation from the American public. Nixon ended draft calls in 1972, and instituted an all-volunteer army the following year. They illustrate two reporting problems: The charts and tables in this section focus on total DoD spending by year, and OCO expenditure by war. 2023 Center for Strategic & International Studies. Some argued that Americas violence against civilians in Vietnam from incidental killings to atrocities like My Lai and indiscriminate carpet bombing made the United States no better than the communist regimes it was seeking to contain. Direct link to Bill Vu's post If the vietnam war was ab, Posted 7 years ago. Vietnam Veterans Memorial, also called The Wall, national monument in Washington, D.C., honouring members of the U.S. armed forces who served and died in the Vietnam War (1955-75). The war in Iraq, for example, put serious pressure on U.S. capability to properly deploy the numbers and skills needed in Afghanistan, as well as helped force use of the Reserves and National Guard. impossible challenge for the Neighbouring Laos and Cambodia similarly fell to communists. reason to finally surrender The $1.5 billion cost of the entire Iraq-Syria train and assist mission is 13 percent of the total OCO budget of $11.9 billion for Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR). The cost of all-volunteer forces limits the total force pool. In 1965, Johnson dramatically escalated US involvement in the war. Such profiles are a key warning of basic problems in planning, programming, and budgeting. State/USAID did not have this option. Or were both parties perhaps working together? 1) The deaths of over a million communist soldiers 2) Post-traumatic stress disorder in veterans Which legislation limited the influence of the president? These chemicals also had an insidious impact on both Vietnamese civilians and American soldiers and their allies. About us; Stories and Resources . Consequences of the war for Vietnam - The Vietnam War - CCEA - GCSE A third estimate, by Neta Crawford, puts costs at more than $4.8 trillion through FY2017, plus more than $7.9 trillion in cumulative interest on past appropriations, or more than $12.7 trillion. Papers | Costs of War Cost of the Korean War | IDCA Information and translations of human cost in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Past estimates of spending have been consistently wrong, and the inputs have been consistently undercosted. an estimated 25,000 American servicemen and 757,143 Vietnamese dead about 200,000 American servicemen and an estimated 4 million Vietnamese dead 58,000 American servicemen and an estimated 1.5 million Vietnamese dead 58,000 American servicemen and an estimated 250,000 Vietnamese dead The total defense burden is projected to decline from 2.8% in FY2017 to 2.5% in FY2021 and FY2.3% in 2030. It would take another 30 years and several million lives, including more than 58,000 Americans, before this dream became a reality. A mass exodus in 1975 of people loyal to the South Vietnamese cause was followed by another wave in 1978 of boat people, refugees fleeing the economic restructuring imposed by the communist regime. More than 10 times the military expenditures of the three leading NATO European states: France. He fully subscribed to the domino theory and to the containment strategy, and also feared appearing weak in the eyes of his domestic political opponents. The South Vietnamese then led their own invasion of Laos, which was pushed back by North Vietnam. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. OMB tables for FY2017 show total cost of homeland defense for all Departments and agencies was $71.8 billion in FY2015, $72.9 billion with supplemental, $71.7 billion in FY2016, and $70.5 billion in FY2017. Five years after the country's partition, the communist leader of North Korea, Kim Il Sung, decided to attempt to reunify Korea under his control. This report addresses a number of the issues that result from the failure to deal with the cost of America's wars by providing an overview of the historical trends involved, the broader climate of U.S. defense spending, and the data that have been reported on each war as part of the Overseas budget for the Contingency Operations (OCO) account. I've read that the Vietnam War is referred to as the 'American War' (in full, War Against the Americans to Save the Nation) in Vietnam. Fall of Saigon, capture of Saigon by North Vietnamese forces, which occurred from March 4 to April 30, 1975. It also led to political reluctance to deploy the needed numbers of personnel except on a "creeping incremental" basis and after serious problems emerged in host country capabilitiesextending the length as well as the cost of the war. Public trust in the United States government was shattered by the Vietnam War and Watergate. Ronald H. Spector is Professor of History and International Affairs in the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University. Consequences of the war for the USA - The Vietnam War - CCEA - GCSE Total estimates of the cost through FY2018 have been made earlier. answer choices He believed it was the duty of the United States to assist all nations in need. Meaning of human cost. Report Overview The Vietnam War was a prolonged military conflict that started as an anticolonial war against the French and evolved into a Cold War confrontation between international communism and free-market democracy. URL: https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/costs-of-the-vietnam-war/ The Vietnam War was fought for civilians, by civilians and among civilians and the majority of casualties were civilians. As many as one-quarter of these boat people as they became known are believed to have perished at sea. I can only speak for myself. Which best describes the cost of the Vietnam War in human terms? The charts and tables in this section summarize the actual and projected cost of U.S. wars as reported for the OCO accountdrawing heavily largely on earlier work by the Congressional Research Service. This inevitably has reduced the number of military in the force mix and made reporting military, civilian, and contract personnel a critical aspect of reporting on force costs and trends. 1616 Rhode Island Avenue, NW Here, simply seeing OCO spending data is essentially useless. The Congress has also created a Special Inspector General for Iraq (SIGIR) and then a Special Inspector General for Afghanistan (SIGAR). Human Resource Cost of the War* - JSTOR Home Date accessed: May 01, 2023 They are more than 18 times more expensive than the first Gulf War in 1991. Global confidence in America as the arsenal of democracy also suffered. The Congressional Research Service (CRS), and the General Accountability Office (GAO), have provided several reports that do provide important insights into the cost of America's wars and the problems in the ways in which they are reported. In 1975 South Vietnam fell to a full-scale invasion by the North. 1. 4.3 times the IISS estimate of $145 billion for China, and 2.9 times the SIPIRI estimate of $215 billion. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union and China poured weapons, supplies, and advisers into the North, which in turn provided support, political direction, and regular combat troops for the campaign in the South. However, from a constitutional perspective, this conflict did not technically count as a war. Westmoreland pursued a policy of attrition, aiming to kill as many enemy troops as possible rather than trying to secure territory. The conflict. America was deeply affected by these heavy losses and struggled to understand the meaning, significance and lessons of the Vietnam War. With training and equipment from American military and the CIA, Diems security forces cracked down on Viet Minh sympathizers in the south, whom he derisively called Viet Cong (or Vietnamese Communist), arresting some 100,000 people, many of whom were brutally tortured and executed. These latter estimates update a series of earlier CRS analyses, one of which noted that, "Other observers and analysts define war costs more broadly than congressional appropriations and include estimates of the life-time costs of caring for OEF/OIF/OND veterans, imputed interest costs on the deficit, or increases in DODs base budget deemed to be a consequence of support for the warSuch costs are difficult to compute, subject to extensive caveats, and often based on methodologies that may not be appropriate". One of the most common defoliants used in Vietnam, Agent Orange, was later found to contain carcinogenic dioxins. Agent Orange left its mark on the environment and it also had a serious human impact as it had the potential to damage . Were they correct? The Vietnam Veterans Memorial stands as a symbol of America's honor and recognition of the men and women who served and sacrificed their lives in the Vietnam War. Over the following years, additions to the list have brought the total past 58,200. The Baseline level has average 2.8% since then, but the total including OCO rose back to a high of 3.4% in FY2010. Tensions escalated into armed conflict between the two sides, and in 1961 U.S. President John F. Kennedy chose to expand the military aid program. Agent Orange not only effected Vietcong but also US Infantry so that was more horrid than anything I could think of of. What would you have done in Ho's place? Per capita GDP as of 2013 was $2,073, with an unemployment rate of just 2.1% and a poverty rate of 13.5%. The bombing was not limited to Vietnam; from 1964-1973, the United States covertly dropped two million tons of bombs on neighboring, neutral Laos during the CIA-led Secret War in Laos. The Vietnam War was a long, costly and divisive conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. There were a number of long-term and short-term reasons to explain why the USA became involved in Vietnam in the late 1950s. 58,000 American servicemen and an estimated 250,000 Vietnamese dead. Vietnams infrastructure, one of the few positive legacies of French colonialism, was left in ruins. What does human cost mean? At the time of Vietnam there was also a large student population that resisted being sent as well as a draft. It gives the Greeks a Nevertheless, there was an inevitable wave of justifications, criticisms and retributions. Washington, DC 20036. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. As Mr. Dagget notes, there are serious uncertainties in the cost estimates of past wars, but it is striking that if the cost to date of the Afghan and Iraq/Syria wars are shown in constant dollars, even the comparatively low end estimate of $2 trillion through FY2018 would makes these wars more expensive than every other period of conflict in American history except the American revolution, the Civil War, and World War II.
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